The Black Hat Community Operations Heart (NOC) gives a high-security, high-availability community in probably the most demanding environments on the planet: the Black Hat occasion.
The NOC companions are chosen by Black Hat, with Arista, Cisco, Corelight, Lumen, NetWitness and Palo Alto Networks delivering from Las Vegas this yr. Cisco is the official Area Identify Service, Malware Evaluation and Cellular Gadget Administration supplier. The Meraki crew is writing a weblog concerning the experiences in defending and managing the Black Hat cellular gadgets.
The companions additionally present built-in safety, visibility and automation: a Safety Operations Heart (SOC) contained in the NOC, with Grifter ‘Niel Wyler’ and Bart Stump because the leaders.
Integration is vital to success within the SOC of the NOC. At every convention, we’ve a hack-a-thon to create, show, take a look at, enhance and eventually put into manufacturing new or improved integrations. To be a NOC companion, you should be prepared to collaborate, share Automated Programming Interface (API) keys and documentation, and are available collectively (at the same time as market opponents) to safe the convention for the great of the attendees.
XDR integrations
Cisco joined the Black Hat NOC in 2016, when requested to supply automated malware evaluation with Risk Grid. The Cisco contributions to the community and safety operations developed, with the wants of the client, to incorporate extra parts of the Cisco Safety Cloud:
The NOC leaders allowed Cisco (and the opposite NOC companions) to usher in further software program to make our inside work extra environment friendly and have higher visibility. Nonetheless, Cisco is just not the official supplier for Prolonged Detection & Response (XDR), Community Detection & Response or Collaboration.
- Cisco XDR: Community Visitors Visibility and Risk Detection/Risk Searching/Risk Intelligence Enrichment/Govt Dashboards/Automation
- Cisco Webex: Incident notification and crew collaboration
The Cisco XDR command heart dashboard tiles made it straightforward to see the standing of every of the related Cisco Safety applied sciences, the general menace panorama and the standing of community availability as monitored by ThousandEyes brokers.
Beneath are the Cisco XDR integrations for Black Hat USA, empowering analysts to analyze Indicators of Compromise (IOC) in a short time, with one search. We admire alphaMountain.ai, Pulsedive and Recorded Future donating full licenses to the Black Hat USA 2024 NOC. Additionally, take a look at the weblog on XDR turning one yr previous and the affect of Black Hat occasions.
One of many new integrations this yr was with a utility written by one in every of our SOC crew members. Each safety skilled — particularly SOC analysts and responders — have a collection of “fast lookup” fashion instruments that they use to reply varied questions on artifacts in an investigation. Shodan is a good instance; “given an IP deal with, what companies is that IP offering, and what software program are they utilizing to supply it?”. Paste the IP into Shodan, and you’ll seemingly get your reply. With the Shodan integration in XDR, you don’t even have to repeat and paste — simply click on the IP after which within the drop down menu, click on the Shodan hyperlink. However there are a whole bunch of such instruments…
Ben took one of many integration server templates that Cisco Safety printed on Github and modified it to our wants. He then hosted it on his cloud supplier of alternative, added it to our XDR configuration and will add these easy pivots to XDR on the fly. A easy edit of a textual content file on the server and we may leap from any observable to any new related reference website that anybody had urged.
Cisco XDR is constructed on the beliefs of an open integration framework, with printed knowledge fashions, API specs and pattern code obtainable to be modified or used as examples/tutorials (together with precise tutorials at DevNet). This dedication to extensibility permits for modifications such because the above with out requiring any motion from the XDR growth or product groups, permitting clients to tailor XDR to their distinctive wants.
For instance, an IP tried
Investigation of the IP confirmed: It was identified malicious.
Additionally, the geo location is in RU and identified affiliated domains. With this data, the NOC management authorized the shunning of the IP.
XDR: Asset visibility
By: Ben Greenbaum
Because the Black Hat community evolves, totally different distributors are given alternatives to convey their merchandise into the toolbox. On account of this ongoing biking, we didn’t have entry to the depth of intelligence beforehand offered by deployment of a Meraki wi-fi infrastructure. Nonetheless, as a result of functionality constructed into XDR Asset Insights to add a customized CSV file of property, we had been in a position to simply operationalize identified community topography into investigative and response operations.
One of many distinctive challenges of the Black Hat surroundings is how totally different it’s from a “regular” buyer’s manufacturing community. Now we have a number of hundred gadgets whose safety is our main purpose, however tens of 1000’s of unmanaged (and sometimes hostile) gadgets within the native community which we need to shield from one another and shield the surface world from. This distinctive association very a lot drives house the worth that an EDR brings to an XDR answer. With out good endpoint visibility, the problem is much higher. The good thing about an open XDR method that isn’t an evolution of an current EDR providing is that it may be one in every of a number of EDRs, however “one” is preferable to none.
Malware Analytics
By: Ben Greenbaum
Cisco Malware Analytics (previously Risk Grid) was once more used because the backend file evaluation and malware detection engine. We supported our companions from CoreLight and Netwitness, with evaluation of information pulled from clear textual content (convention attendee) and choose encrypted classes (crucial infrastructure).
As regular, the information present in clear textual content communications had been an excellent indicator of what sorts of data will be anticipated to be leaked by a crowd of safety professionals, and this yr the end result rated a strong “much less terrible.” Doubtlessly spicy content material included varied PII (names, employers, positions, electronic mail addresses, and many others.) from Black Hat receipts and some company electronic mail attachments.
And whereas Umbrella did alert us to some wandering infections phoning house, we are able to say that at the very least no malware was transferred…within the clear.
By: Aditya Sankar
Cisco XDR features a built-in automation functionality referred to as XDR automation. When you have heard of Safety Orchestration Automation Response (SOAR), Cisco XDR has the complete suite of SOAR options. That features the flexibility to drag-and-drop prebuilt code blocks in a selected sequence to create a customized workflow, executing arbitrary API calls to function one-click response actions and creating guidelines to set off workflows primarily based off a schedule or another standards.
Now we have been utilizing XDR Automate at Black Hat for 3 years to enhance the Cisco companies to our joint buyer, Black Hat, and have applied a wide range of use instances. Nonetheless, this has usually required fairly a little bit of time to study APIs and create a totally customized workflow. With the most recent XDR Automation Change, the Change web page is used to seek out, view, set up and uninstall pre-written workflows which have been launched or authorized by Cisco engineers and content material suppliers. Workflows authored by the neighborhood have handed a primary high quality verify and are supported by the Cisco DevNet Neighborhood on a best-effort foundation. The Exchanges helps allow collaboration between workflow creators and moreover reduces the time it takes for a consumer to expertise worth from XDR automation.
Shout out to Ivan Berlinson, who wrote a workflow to drag menace logs from the Palo Alto Networks API and create Incidents in Cisco XDR. Since Ivan was variety sufficient to publish the workflow to the Change, it was extraordinarily straightforward to import the workflow and get it operational. Putting in a workflow from the alternate is basically like strolling by a configuration wizard. It features a description of what the workflow does, the required targets and variables, in addition to a contact individual for help. Here’s what the workflow appears like within the Change simply earlier than set up.
This workflow requires Automation distant, on-premises digital machine deployed over ESXi to make sure correct connectivity to the Palo Alto Panorama equipment. Shoutout to Matt Vander Horst who helped with the vCenter required to deploy the Automation distant equipment. The Change prompts the consumer to supply values for the required variables and choose the suitable on-premises goal.
Then the workflow is put in and scheduled to run each quarter-hour through an automation rule.
This workflow makes use of the PAN-OS XML API to question for menace logs at this path . This kicks off a search job. As soon as the search job is completed, the workflow retrieves the outcomes and begins parsing the menace logs. A Cisco Risk Intelligence Mannequin (CTIM) sighting is created for every particular person menace log and grouped collectively by inside host IP. Subsequent, a CTIM indicator with the outline of the menace log and a relationship to the corresponding sighting are each created. Lastly, an incident bundle is created with the sighting, relationship and indicator entities and posted to the XDR API. The workflow has logic inbuilt to verify for duplicate incidents and current indicators.
Here’s what one of many incidents that was created from this automation workflow appears like in Cisco XDR. This gave us as analysts within the SOC an amazing place to begin for an investigation.
These Palo Alto Community menace logs point out a listing traversal assault that goals to entry information and directories which are saved exterior the net root folder. PAN Firewall alerts on listing traversal and accessing from supply IP 192.168.130.86 on basic attendee Wi-Fi to vacation spot IP <104[.]198.XXX.2XX>, which resolves to < yXXXXis[.]get together>. This area is marked as suspicious by a number of menace intelligence sources and has a medium danger rating of 72 in Cisco Umbrella. The host then proceeded to obtain information from
The vacation spot IP reveals unknown with XDR menace intelligence, however the area it resolves to appears to be suspicious and it’s hosted within the Russian Federation, as seen within the Umbrella console. Listed below are further particulars offered by the Corelight crew in our energetic Risk Searching Slack chanel: HTTP POST exercise to the vacation spot in query reveals a primary authentication token that decodes to
We did discover the host making related queries like
Ivan Berlison additionally offered one other workflow to supply an XDR Incident when a file is convicted in Cisco Safe Malware analytics. Corelight, in addition to NetWitness, carve information off the community and submit them to be detonated in Safe Malware Analytics. Here’s what the XDR incident appears like when a file with a menace rating above 90 is seen:
We had an exquisite time innovating and investigating at Black Hat USA 2024! The XDR automation alternate was an enormous help in including extra automation capabilities with very minimal customized work. Try AJ Shipley’s weblog on how utilizing Cisco XDR at Black Hat has accelerated our open ecosystem. We’ll be again once more subsequent yr, so lengthy Black Hat!
Splunk Assault Analyzer (SAA)
By: Ryan MacLennan
Splunk Assault Analyzer (SAA) is a brand new addition to our deployment. As chances are you’ll know, Cisco acquired Splunk this yr. Due to this new acquisition we labored with our counterparts in Splunk to get their SAA product provisioned for our use at Black Hat. SAA is a file and URL evaluation platform much like Safe Malware Analytics. SAA makes use of a classy set of standards to find out which engine can be finest fitted to evaluation — like net analyzer, static file evaluation, electronic mail analyzer, signature engines and/or the sandbox. Whereas the product is able to dynamic and static evaluation, we selected to do solely static evaluation for our use at Black Hat.
What is really highly effective concerning the evaluation of SAA is its assault chain following functionality: The flexibility to intelligently decide how a human would click on on gadgets in a webpage. It is going to observe hyperlinks, obtain information and analyze further indicators from community connections, identified malicious information, an unknown malicious file that’s analyzed on the fly, phishing domains and extra. It is going to observe a logical movement like a human to find out the trail to compromise. This was fascinating to see in the environment because it confirmed the trail from a file, the hyperlinks present in it, to totally different web sites, and every step of the trail had a screenshot for us to observe alongside.
For instance, we’ve a PDF that was submitted to SAA. It discovered hyperlinks within the file and adopted them to see if they might result in one thing malicious. I’ve blocked out many of the URLs, however we are able to see the way it went by the PDF knowledge and clicked on the hyperlinks to seek out out the place it might go.
After SAA did its factor, we may take a look at the file in query and the screenshots that it took. We discovered that this file was the information utilized in a coaching room and every hyperlink was a reference to an article, a coaching useful resource (self-hosted and official), or different informational assets a scholar might have.
We had been in a position so as to add this integration with the assistance of our companion Corelight. We talked to them on day one they usually had been excited to get a brand new integration developed with SAA. Just a few hours later, we had an integration with them. This was a tremendous instance of how all of us come collectively to make the NOC higher at Black Hat yearly.
Umbrella DNS
By: Christian Clasen and Justin Murphy
When you have learn the earlier Black Hat NOC/SOC stories, you already know that in 2023, we made a change to the DNS design. In prior conferences, we assigned inside forwarders to purchasers through DHCP, however didn’t pressure their use. Primarily, attendees may use any DNS resolvers they selected, and we didn’t intrude. The change we applied was to start forcibly redirecting DNS visitors to the on-premises DNS forwarders. You may see within the statistics above that this modification triggered a major leap in queries processed by Cisco Umbrella — from 54.4 million to 79.3 million.
The steep improve in question depend was not sudden. What was sudden, nonetheless, was a lower in question depend between 2023 and 2024. Whereas we don’t know the exact reason behind this drop, we do have some theories and methods we are able to take a look at them going ahead.
One potential rationalization is the prevalence of encrypted DNS protocols. In recent times, the business has turned its consideration to the privateness, integrity and authenticity issues inherent within the plain-text DNS protocol. To resolve a few of these points, “last-mile” encryption has grow to be a favourite of OS and browser distributors. DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) and DNS-over-TLS (DoT) are solely a few the most well-liked methods to encrypt DNS between the consumer and the recursive resolver.
Detecting all encrypted DNS will be troublesome and counting the queries unattainable. It is because TCP is the chosen transport for DoH and DoT, and this enables the consumer to pipeline a number of queries over one long-lived TCP and TLS session. However what we are able to usually discover are the “bootstrap” plain-text DNS queries that allow to consumer to seek out the encrypted DNS server. By operating a report in Umbrella for the class “DoH and DoT”, we are able to get a deal with on the most well-liked of those companies:
The entry for
On this report, we additionally see “canary” domains comparable to
Going ahead, we are going to observe the statistics of those protocols on the convention networks and see what different data we are able to collect utilizing the complete packet seize capabilities of our companions and the menace looking capabilities of Cisco XDR. You may count on this matter to be expanded on within the subsequent convention report.
One of many main causes to at the very least monitor DNS is to grasp tendencies and the way the community at Black Hat is getting used from a excessive degree. There are a lot of insights that may be gained from forcing DNS by a centralized service with intelligence. DNS queries exist for locations that host every little thing from Malware, Crypto Mining and Phishing to content material classes like Social Media, Finance and Unlawful Actions. Moreover, these domains will be categorized into particular purposes as nicely. With the App Discovery report in Umbrella, these domains are grouped by utility, figuring out the potential use of 1000’s of purposes. This could possibly be net apps or different desktop/cellular apps.
As at all times, we proceed to see an increase in app utilization at Black Hat:
- BHUSA 2019: ~3,600
- BHUSA 2021: ~2,600
- BHUSA 2022: ~6,300
- BHUSA 2023: ~7,500
- BHUSA 2024: ~9,300
This yr there was one stand out Software Class that has been rising in reputation: Generative AI. It is going to seemingly be no shock that there are extra attendees and their instruments utilizing Generative AI. Now we have gone from seeing it as a footnote in logs to reporting it at RSAC 2024, as we noticed 80 totally different Generative AI instruments getting used.
Evaluate this to Black Hat 2024, just some months later, the place the entire quantity has jumped to 194.
This doesn’t seem like only a distinction in conferences, however relatively a rising development and acceptance of those instruments.
Community Assurance
By: Adam Kilgore, Shimei Cridlig, Shannon Wellington and Justin Murphy
The ThousandEyes deployment launched at Black Hat USA 2023 one yr in the past. At that convention, we spent many lengthy shifts growing the configurations, design, and procedures that shaped the idea for our convention protection. The deployment was additional improved and streamlined at Black Hat London and Black Hat Asia. At this yr’s Black Hat USA 2024, we had been able to increase our protection considerably whereas persevering with to refine our procedures.
New {hardware}
We added 20 Orange Pi gadgets at Black Hat 2024, along with the 8 Raspberry Pi gadgets we deployed in 2023. We’re nonetheless nicely in need of the proverbial thousand eyes, however 28 is much more than 8. We deployed our new fleet of Orange Pi gadgets to watch the wi-fi community, whereas the previous Raspberry Pi gadgets had been used for wired monitoring of Registration, the NOC and core community gadgets.
Orange Pi configuration
Mike Spicer put in a whole lot of time to develop new configuration and deployment procedures for the Orange Pi gadgets earlier than the convention. We had been in a position to make use of a script and a small native community to configure every Orange Pi with a selected SSID and PSK. As soon as the Pi gadgets had been configured and the goal entry factors had been deployed, every Pi was walked to its goal coaching room the place it might routinely hook up with the entry level (AP) on bootup and start operating its scheduled monitoring exams.
Even with the scripting and automation, the configuration stage nonetheless resulted in a mass of wires (pictured above). Deploying the Pi gadgets resulted in additional strolling than the common attendee would expertise in a convention (not pictured).
Expanded wi-fi protection
With the extra brokers, we had been in a position to deploy to extra Black Hat coaching rooms. The expanded visibility allowed us to catch extra issues earlier than the coaching rooms went reside, together with a misconfigured PSK, an SSID that wasn’t broadcasting and an SSID that broadcast however didn’t have web connectivity. We’d like to have an agent for every coaching room for full visibility and validation heading into the convention, however we’re proud of what we caught and the extra confidence the brokers offered heading into the coaching days.
Because the convention shifted from trainings to the briefing days, we shifted our protection from the biggest coaching classes to massive briefing rooms and heavy-traffic areas like the doorway and Enterprise Corridor. Whereas we nonetheless needed to make powerful strategic choices about what to cowl and what to not cowl, we had been nonetheless in a position to unfold brokers throughout every flooring for basic visibility.
Troubleshooting
Our experiences over the previous three conferences had produced well-established troubleshooting procedures and paperwork for the Raspberry Pi gadgets, however the Orange Pi devicess offered contemporary challenges. We had round 25% of our deployed Orange Pi gadgets require troubleshooting throughout the first 24 hours after deployment, a regarding price. Log evaluation revealed the wi-fi NIC changing into disconnected and the USB coming into a disconnect loop (the wi-fi NIC is related through USB on the Orange Pi gadgets). The issues with the wi-fi NIC and USB result in a recurring ThousandEyes agent core information — a troublesome set of issues.
Nonetheless, these points turned out to be remoted relatively than widespread, and by the top of the convention we had a full wi-fi deployment that was staying up all day and in a single day as nicely. For what turned out to be remoted wi-fi issues, we developed troubleshooting procedures and documentation.
Automated ticketing
A brand new ticketing system was rolled out at this convention that will create tickets in Slack primarily based on ThousandEyes knowledge or reported points. Beneath is a ticket created primarily based on TE alerts for a selected convention room throughout the first morning of briefings.
The dashboards in ThousandEyes allowed us to supply fast visible data that confirmed which convention rooms had been experiencing the worst latency, alongside a comparability of latency throughout reporting rooms.
The automated stories behind every dashboard entry offered extra granular data, together with visitors path and the latency alongside every leg within the visitors path.
The brand new ticketing system allowed screenshots like those above to be aggregated within the ticket for crew communication and document conserving.
Troubleshooting WorkflowOn 08/06/2024 at 15:00, we noticed excessive latency to our Inside Umbrella DNS take a look at from the South Seas D Hallway and Enterprise Corridor Brokers. Word that the hyperlinks to the investigation views are offered as hyperlinks.
To slender down the view, we used a dashboard filter to give attention to the 2 Brokers.
This confirmed the excessive latency noticed by the 2 Brokers prolonged throughout a number of exams.
From right here, we drilled down on every take a look at to verify the person take a look at outcomes.
Inside this view, we chosen a number of exams operating on each Brokers and in contrast the outcomes.
We noticed that there was a latency spike reported by each Brokers.
To know the reason for the excessive latency, we drilled all the way down to Path Visualization.
We observed the excessive hyperlink delay between the Agent to its gateway. This means a problem both between the consumer and AP or between the AP and the server room with the router.
To substantiate the reason for the latency, we visited South Seas D. We ran further exams to verify that the connection expertise match with the outcomes reported by the Agent. Reviewing the room and topology diagrams additional, we discovered that the AP overlaying South Seas D was positioned in an adjoining room, and was broadcasting two SSIDs — one for the room it was positioned in, and the opposite for South Seas D. The mixture of the AP placement, the AP servicing two rooms, and the attendee quantity in South Seas D mixed to supply the latency noticed by the Agent. These findings had been shared with the wi-fi crew.
Cellular system administration at Black Hat: The function of Meraki Programs Supervisor
By: Dalton Ross
The Black Hat cybersecurity occasion in Las Vegas is famend for its cutting-edge expertise and seamless attendee expertise. A crucial part of this success lies in efficient cellular system administration (MDM). Since Black Hat USA 2021, we leveraged Cisco Meraki Programs Supervisor (SM) to deal with a wide range of duties essential to the occasion’s operations. Beneath is an in depth take a look at how the Meraki SM was deployed and the challenges confronted alongside the best way.
Important roles of cellular gadgets at Black Hat
Cellular gadgets had been pivotal in a number of key areas:
- Registration Kiosk iPad Gadgets (~50 Gadgets): Used at registration kiosks to streamline the attendee check-in course of, the place attendees scan a QR code for fast badge printing
- Session Scanning iPad Gadgets (~75 Gadgets): Deployed throughout Black Hat classes to scan registered attendees into every session
- Lead Retrieval Gadgets (~800 Gadgets): A considerable variety of gadgets had been utilized on the present flooring cubicles to swiftly accumulate sales space customer contact knowledge
Deliberate deployment for Meraki Programs Supervisor
To make sure a clean deployment, our technique included a number of key steps:
- Pre-State with Apple Automated Gadget Enrollment (ADE): Earlier than cargo to the occasion location, all gadgets had been pre-staged utilizing ADE. This allowed gadgets to be configured with a identified SSID for quicker deployment on website.
- Segregated Transport: Gadgets had been to be shipped in three distinct groupings, every akin to one of many roles. This aimed to facilitate swift deployment upon arrival.
- Dashboard Script for Function Affiliation: A customized dashboard script was ready to leverage the Meraki Dashboard API and simply affiliate enrolled gadgets with their respective roles.
- Automated Configuration Obtain: As soon as powered up, gadgets had been anticipated to routinely obtain any vital configurations or apps associated to their function, making them prepared for rapid deployment.
- Well being Monitoring with Cisco ThousandEyes: ThousandEyes brokers had been to be deployed all through the venue to log SM well being at totally different occasion areas.
- Submit-Occasion Manufacturing facility Reset: After the occasion, all gadgets had been to be manufacturing unit erased earlier than being returned.
Challenges and workarounds
As in life, challenges arose that required fast considering and adaptation:
- Software Record Adjustments: A final-minute change to the appliance record for session scanning gadgets was required. Though we initially deliberate to have all configurations prepared beforehand, this sudden change was effectively managed utilizing the Programs Supervisor with just some clicks.
- ThousandEyes Agent Limitations: Since ThousandEyes brokers had been beta SM purchasers, they couldn’t precisely collect connectivity knowledge. This was an anticipated conduct, nevertheless it posed a problem for efficient monitoring. To beat this, NOC members from Cisco ThousandEyes and Cisco Meraki collaborated to hack collectively a proof of idea. By way of laborious work and several other iterations, we configured the ThousandEyes brokers to simulate system check-in visitors, mimicking legitimate SM purchasers.
Deploying Meraki Programs Supervisor at Black Hat was an intricate however rewarding endeavor. Regardless of dealing with challenges, our crew demonstrated agility and innovation, guaranteeing the occasion’s operations ran easily. The expertise underscored the significance of flexibility and fast drawback fixing in managing large-scale occasions.
By leveraging superior MDM options like Meraki Programs Supervisor, we had been in a position to present a seamless expertise for attendees and exhibitors alike, showcasing the facility of expertise in occasion administration.
We’re happy with the collaboration of the Cisco crew and the NOC companions. Black Hat Europe can be December 9-12, 2024 on the London eXcel Centre.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to the Cisco NOC crew:
- Cisco Safe: Christian Clasen, Matt Vander Horst, Aditya Sankar, Ben Greenbaum, Ryan Maclennan, Adam Kilgore, Shimei Cridlig, Shannon Wellington and Justin Murphy, with distant help by Jessica (Bair) Oppenheimer
- Meraki Programs Supervisor: Dalton Ross, with distant help by Paul Fidler and Connor Laughlin. Search for their report on The Meraki Weblog.
Additionally, to our NOC companions:
- NetWitness (particularly Alessandro Zatti)
- Palo Alto Networks (particularly Jason Reverri and James Holland)
- Corelight (particularly Dustin Lee)
- Arista (particularly Jonathan Smith)
- Lumen and the whole Black Hat/Informa Tech workers (particularly Grifter ‘Neil Wyler,’ Bart Stump, Steve Fink, James Pope, Mike Spicer, Sandy Wenzel, Heather Williams, Jess Stafford and Steve Oldenbourg)
About Black Hat
Black Hat is the cybersecurity business’s most established and in-depth safety occasion collection. Based in 1997, these annual, multi-day occasions present attendees with the most recent in cybersecurity analysis, growth, and tendencies. Pushed by the wants of the neighborhood, Black Hat occasions showcase content material instantly from the neighborhood by Briefings displays, Trainings programs, Summits, and extra. Because the occasion collection the place all profession ranges and educational disciplines convene to collaborate, community, and talk about the cybersecurity subjects that matter most to them, attendees can discover Black Hat occasions in america, Canada, Europe, Center East and Africa and Asia.
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